Prof. dr. ing. Dorin Stanica-Ezeanu

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1 Prof. dr. ing. Dorin Stanica-Ezeanu
Aspecte generale privind impactul introducerii biocombustibililor în reformularea combustibililor ecologici în România Prof. dr. ing. Ion Onutu Prof. dr. ing. Dorin Stanica-Ezeanu Universitatea Petrol-Gaze din Ploiesti , Bd. Bucuresti 39, – Ploiesti, Romania

2 1. Integrated refinery: A complex structure of fossil and bio fuels production

3 INTRODUCTION Vegetal-based energy is definitively one of the most promising approaches to achieve sustainable development for the future. There is a long list of vegetables that could be used for fuels production in order to obtain the, so called, “clean” energy. Actually, the fuels are obtained from crude oil in different processes from the refinery. The energy demand increasing and the new specifications for refining products are the main factors which are imposing major changes in the crude oil refining schema. The idea to transform a crude oil refinery into a biorefinery is hard to achieve. That is because the success on a long term basis of the biorefinery consists in high volume fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) production and a portfolio of high value products and chemicals. For Romania the strategy concerning the biofuels production is connected with the new specifications of engine fuels: gasoline and gas oil. The idea is to assure the integration of biotransformation processes in the refinery schema. The aim of this work is to find solutions for integrated refineries where crude oil refining processes are combined with bioprocesses in order to produce high quality fuels and chemicals. By including these bioprocesses into the refining schema it will be easier to rebuild the integrated refinery where the crude oil processing will become a small part of the activity and the biomass transformation will be the main source for biofuels.

4 Why Biofuels in Romania?
Biofuels represents an alternative for CO2 emissions decreasing: Romania is a high CO2 production country (Figure 1). Romania adopted Directive CE 30/2003 with a rate of 2 Vol% biofuels in transportation fuels market in 2007 and 5,75 Vol% in 2010 (HG 1844/2005). Romania is a country with a high potential for biofuels production because it has almost 2 Mil. ha available for the cultivation of rapeseed or other plants used for “clean” energy production (Figure 2).

5 Figure 1 – Diagram regarding global CO2 production

6 Figure 2 - Romania total arable surface
Romania has 9.5 million ha, from which only 7.1 millions ha were considered by EU. Now 2.4 million ha are available for the cultivation of plants for bio fuel production.

7 Figure 3 - Fuels evolution in 21-st century

8 What is a Biorefinery? A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the most promising route to the creation of a new domestic biobased industry. Biorefinery concept is built on two different "platforms" to promote different product slates Sugar platform is based on biochemical conversion processes and focuses on the fermentation of sugars extracted from biomass feedstocks. Syngas platform is based on thermochemical conversion processes and focuses on the gasification of biomass feedstocks and by-products from conversion processes.

9 Figure 4 – The biorefining structure from an integrated refinery

10 Figure 5 - Biorefinery evolution between 2005 - 2050

11 Figure 6 – The structure of the biorefining part
Romania : 1st generation biorefinery combines the traditionally crude oil refinery with biofuels production processes

12 Romanian strategy regarding biofuels proposes to use Biodiesel as a component of Diesel fuel

13 Figure 7 - European Biodiesel production (forecast for 2007)

14 Figure 8 – Romanian refining dynamics

15 Conclusions Significant changes in the Romanian petroleum industry are expected to be set in motion during the next five to ten years due to its private competitional position, national and European community requirements and programs, and as result of the consumption forecast. Romanian biofuel market will start with Biodiesel production in new plants built in high agricultural potential areas or in crude oil refineries. The capacity of Romanian biofuel market regarding the distribution of Diesel fuels type B5 (5 vol% of FAME blended in gasoil) and B20 (20 vol% FAME) is presented in Table 1. Romania has a great potential to produce bio-fuels, specially Biodiesel by transesterification of vegetable oils and jointed with petroleum refining capacities it will become an important player on European market of biofuels.

16 Table 1 – The Romanian biofuel market (Forecast for 2007 and 2010)
Fuel type 2007 2010 Biodiesel Gas oil B5 (tons) B20 (tons) Total (tons) Total biofuel production

17 2. PROBLEME DE REZOLVAT IN REFORMULAREA CU BIOCOMBUSTIBILI
Materii prime Fabricare –produse secundare Corelatia calitate-performante motor-emisii Infrastructura de testare Infrastructura de comercializare Pret si facilitati Propuneri si actiuni viitoare

18 Biocombustibili Bioetanol (etanol extras din biomasa si/sau partea biodegradabila a deseurilor) Biodiesel (unmetil-ester extras din ulei vegetal sau animal, de calitatea mot. Diesel) Biogas (comb. gazos din biomasa si/sau fractie reziduala biodegradabila, purificabila la calitatea gazului natural) Biometanol (dimetilester extras din biomasa) Biodimetil eter (din biomasa) Bio-ETBE (din bioetanol); numai 47% volum se considera ca biocombustibil Bio -MTBE (din biometanol); numai 36% este socotit ca biocombustibil Biocombustibili sintetici (hidrocarburi sau amestecuri de hidrocarburi sintetice exrase din biomasa) Biohidrogen (hidrogen extras din biomasa si/sau din fractiuni reziduale biodegradabile) Ulei vegetal pur (ulei produs din plante uleioase prin presare, extractie sau proceduri comparabile, crud sau rafinat, dar chimic nemodificat atunci cand este compatibil cu motoarele la care este utilizat si respecta normele privind noxele) DIRECTIVA 30/2003 CE

19 FABRICARE DE BIOCOMBUSTIBILI
La nivelul actual, nu putem vorbi de o productie de biocombustibili in Romania Sunt doar citeva investitii in derulare, ce urmeaza sa fie inaugurate catre sfirsitul anului 2007 pe biodiesel Rafinariile din Romania sunt deschise pentru producerea de biocombustibili, dar deocamdata nu au facilitatile necesare pentru a concretiza aceasta activitate

20 Proprietati GENERALE Biodieselul este:
un combustibil oxigenat (cca 11% oxigen) fara sulf, aromate usoare si polinucleare biodegradabil in sol si apa netoxic are o lubricitate foarte buna, compensind prin adaosul in motorina Diesel pierderea de lubricitate si eventuala uzura (datorita scaderii continutului de sulf) este biodegradabil in sol si apa

21 Materii prime

22 Premise romanesti pro- biodiesel
Cele cca doua milioane de hectare de teren arabil necultivate anual Un numar mic de fermieri care detin peste 50 hectare plus o supraproductie de cereale Cerintele Uniunii Europene, forta de munca ieftina si suprafetele agricole mari, ce pot fi cultivate cu rapita, fac din Romania un jucator interesant pe piata carburantilor ecologici masurile (facilitatile) luate de Ministerul Agriculturii

23 MINISTERUL AGRICULTURII
- mecanism de subventionare pentru culturile oleoginoase - noul Cod Fiscal prevede scutirea de accize la biocarburanti - alte solutii de stimulare a culturilor de plante energetice, in afara de subventiile primite de la Uniunea Europeana. Platile directe pentru plantele energetice sunt de aproximativ 45 euro/ha.

24 Pretul biodieselului Pretul unui litru de biocarburant este mai mic decat pretul carburantilor obisnuti, in functie de tipul de biocarburant Pretul unui litru de biodiesel poate ajunge si la jumatatea pretului unui litru de motorina In Franta si Italia biodieselul avea la pompa acelasi pret ca dieselul.

25 Normele standardului EN 14 214
Proprietate UM Limite min - max Metoda de testare Continut ester %(m/m) 96,5 EN 14103 Densitatea la 15 C Kg/m3 EN ISO 3675 Viscozitate la 40 C mm2/s 3, ,0 EN ISO 3104 Inflamare Grade C ISO/CD 3679 Continut de sulf mg/kg Reziduu carbune EN ISO 10370 Cifra cetanica 51, EN ISO 5165 Continut de apa EN ISO 12937 Coroziune pe Cu 1 EN ISO 2160 Stabilitate la oxidare, 110 C ore EN

26 Normele standardului EN 14 214(cont.)
Proprietate UM Limite min max. Metoda de testare Metil ester % (m/m) 12 EN Polinesat. ( (>4 = ) 1 Continut metanol 0,2 EN Continut monogliceride 0,8 Cont. digliceride Cont. trigliceride Glicerol total 0,25 Metale alcaline (mg/kg) 5 EN Continut P 10 EN

27 Proprietati fizice monoesteri versus motorina
Mase moleculare ale monoesterilor de cca 3 ori mai mici t50% si t90% sunt apropiate Punctele de tulburare sunt mai ridicate (perturbatii iarna!) Continutul de gume este mai ridicat (se oxideaza catenele nesaturate) Cifrele cetanice au valori mai ridicate (cca 60) Puterea calorica superioara este cu cca 8% mai redusa - emisiile, per global, scad Comportarea in motor : - scade puterea cu cca 2-4 % Proprietatile BD pot fi masurate prin: - analize chimice - corelatii analitice

28 Prelucrarea tipica a semintelor de rapita
Seminte de rapita din siloz Ulei 40% Apa 8% Curatare Impuritati 1300 Turta Ulei din represare Represare 74 000 Ulei din extractie Abur Extractia solventului 34 200 Tratament ulei brut Pierderi 4 200 Ulei 1% Apa 12 % La depozit Transesterificare

29 Tratatament am. apa-glicerina
Ulei tratat TRANSESTERIFICAREA-PRODUCTIA DE GLICERINA FARMACEUTICA Metanol Catalizator Transesterificare Tratatament am. apa-glicerina Uscarea metil esterului Evaporarea am. Apa glicerina Metil ester Distilarea Glicerinei Decolorarea glicerinei Glicerina Farm. Glicerina II FFA Reziduu

30 Bio 400 Instalatie completa de 400 litri pe sarja cu sistem de spalare uscata . Poate produce combustibil de calitate la standard EN daca se foloseste ca materie prima un ulei vegetal adecvat Nu genereaza apa uzata Produce intre 400 si 7600 litri pe zi Acest sistem include urmatoarele componente : -Un preincalzitor (folosite pentru a putea preincalzi uleiul uzat sau crud inainte de a fi transferat in reactor) -Reactorul “Fast Breeder “ 400 capabil sa produca 400 litri pe sarja (aprox 1ora si 25 min) Construit din otel inox , 10 ani garantie . Vas sub presiune testat pina la 8 bari. Lucreaza pina la 1 bar maxim . Valoare sigura Curent electric necesar : 14.4 or 240v Greutatea procesorului gol : 260 kg Dimensiuni: 1.0m x .2m x 2.1m -Tanc de decantare de 500 litri -Tanc de spalare de 500 litri -Instalatia cu agentul de spalare -Sistem de filtrare ( folosit pentru filtrarea finala inainte de a putea fi folosit biodieselul in motorul dvs.) -Livrare si training -INCLUDE instalare de catre personal autorizat -INCLUDE Kitul de protectie (detectorul de gaz , masca de gaze , costum de protectie , manusi de protectie) Aceasta este o remarcabila instalatie cu ajutorul careia puteti obtine un biodiesel de calitate la standard EN daca veti folosi ca materie prima un ulei vegetal corespunzator

31 Audi (all Diesel) Renault (all D)
BMW (525 TDS, new BMWs) Seat (all D) Citroen (All) Skoda (all D) Honda (cu motor Isuzu) Volkswagen (all) Mercedes-Benz C200, C220, E220 Peugeot (HDI&non HDI ) Volvo (S80-D; S70-TDI; V70-TDI) Nissan (PRIMERA)

32 Actiuni privind problema biocombustibililor in ROMANIA
FORMAREA DE ASOCIATII (profesionale, patronale...) FABRICI DE BIODIESEL HOTARIREA AGRICULTORILOR (INVESTITORILOR) DE A OBTINE MATERII PRIME PENTRU BIODIESEL EDUCAREA POPULATIEI SI “DISEMINAREA” PROBLEMATICII PRIVIND FABRICAREA SI UTILIZAREA BIOCOMBUSTIBILILOR (BIODIESELULUI) REDUCEREA DE ACCIZE (FARA ACCIZARE!) LEGISLATIE COERENTA (BIO) FACILITATI PENTRU PRODUCATORII DE M. PRIME

33 Etape viitoare in utilizarea MD &BD
Studiul atent al efectelor asupra sanatatii si a mediului Cuantificarea costurilor fabricarii biodieselului Stabilirea impactului economic al utilizarii biodieselului ca un combustibil alternativ (efect asupra locurilor de munca si deficit comercial) Incorporarea si evaluarea noilor date asupra emisiilor din BD si MD Evaluarea performantei motoarelor diesel noi si a noilor tehnologii de productie Dezvoltarea modelelor regionale de ciclu de viata pentru utilizarea BD Evaluarea si compararea cu alte surse energetice